Solar Cell Sederhana untuk Rumah Tangga

Bros, daripada pusing mikirin pasokan listrik yang mati terus, was was kena pemadaman bergililr, nih enaknya kita bikin aja sendiri dirumah. Energi Listrik tak terbatas.

Nih Ane share general diagramnya kalo mau ngerakit sendiri, disini ane kasih juga deteksi untuk level voltage kalo2 pas rendah tegangannya siap2 switching ke PLN lagi. Tapi masih manual controlnya, bisa dikembangin sendiri dah kalo mau buat otomatis switching controlnya.

Referensi kalo mau cari2 part2nya bisa kesini Gan,

Daftar harga paket dan contoh penggunaan solar panel.

Paket Hemat 1

Contoh Aplikasi Penggunaan

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Peralatan	Daya (W)	Jumlah	Total Daya (W)	Waktu Pakai (Jam)	Energi (Wh)
LED 1 W	1	5	5	12	60
Total Energi per Hari					60

Spesifikasi

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Peralatan	Jumlah	Harga	Berat
Solar Panel 20 Wp	1 unit	Rp 895.000	3 kg
Controller 10 A – 12 V	1 unit	Rp 550.000	1 kg
Aki 10 ah – 12 V	1 unit	dibeli sendiri di kota Anda

Paket Hemat 2

Contoh Aplikasi Penggunaan

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Peralatan	Daya (W)	Jumlah	Total Daya (W)	Waktu Pakai (Jam)	Energi (Wh)
LED 3 W	3	2	6	12	72
LED 1 W	1	4	4	12	48
Total Energi per Hari					120

Spesifikasi

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Peralatan	Jumlah	Harga	Berat
Solar Panel 20 Wp	2 unit	Rp 895.000 x 2 = Rp 1.790.000	3 kg * 2 = 6 kg
Controller 10 A – 12 V	1 unit	Rp 550.000	1 kg
Aki 20 ah – 12 V	1 unit	dibeli sendiri di kota Anda

Paket Hemat 3

Contoh Aplikasi Penggunaan

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Peralatan	Daya (W)	Jumlah	Total Daya (W)	Waktu Pakai (Jam)	Energi (Wh)
LED 3 W	3	4	12	12	144
Charger HP	5	1	5	5	25
TV LCD 10 inch	20	1	20	8	160
Total Energi per Hari					329

Spesifikasi

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Peralatan	Jumlah	Harga	Berat
Solar Panel 50 Wp	1 unit	Rp 2.170.000	11 kg
Controller 10 A – 12 V	1 unit	Rp 550.000	1 kg
Inverter 100 W – 12 VDC ke 220 VAC	1 unit	Rp 232.800 (murni 40%)	1 kg
Aki 20 ah – 12 V	1 unit	dibeli sendiri di kota Anda

Paket Hemat 4

Contoh Aplikasi Penggunaan

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Peralatan	Daya (W)	Jumlah	Total Daya (W)	Waktu Pakai (Jam)	Energi (Wh)
LED 3 W	3	6	18	12	216
LED 1 W	1	6	6	12	72
Radio/Tape	20	1	20	5	100
Charger HP	5	1	5	5	25
TV LCD 19 inch	35	1	35	8	280
Total Energi per Hari					693

Spesifikasi

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Peralatan	Jumlah	Harga	Berat
Solar Panel 50 Wp	2 unit	Rp 2.170.000 * 2 = Rp 4.340.000	11 kg * 2 = 22 kg
Controller 20 A – 12 V	1 unit	Rp. 875.000	1 kg
Inverter 150 W – 12 VDC ke 220 VAC	1 unit	Rp 284.500 (murni 40%)	1 kg
Aki 110 ah – 12 V	1 unit	dibeli sendiri di kota Anda

http://tokoone.com/panel-solar/

How to Check Transformer Vector Group Manually

by : Rifky Cahyadi

Procedure of Testing the Vector Group of a Transformer manually can be done as below steps.

Let’s have a Ynd₁₁ transformer as an example.

1.      Observe the vector group of Ynd11 (figure 1), find the nearest vector of LV winding which is parallel with the HV winding, Let’s define it to be 1U and 2W.

                                               Figure 1

2.      Connect neutral point of star connected winding to earth/ground.

3.      Join 1U of HV winding and 2W of LV winding together (see figure 2).

Figure 2

4.      Apply three phase supply to HV terminals, 380Vac or 415Vac choose based on the most convenience.

5.      Measure voltages between terminals 2U – 1N, 2V – 1N, 2W – 1N, that means voltages between each LV terminal and HV neutral.
 

6.      Also measure voltages between terminals 2V – 1V, 2W – 1W and 2V – 1W.

7.      Based on the vector combination in figure 2, we can see the length for each connection. Thus for Ynd₁₁ transformer, we will find :
2U – 1N > 2V – 1N > 2W – 1N
2V – 1W > 2V – 1V or 2W – 1W

8.      Compare the result of the measurement, if all the measurement result fulfill the condition in step 7, then the vector group of the Transformer is confirmed OK.

The vector group test of transformer for other group can also be done in similar way. Figure 3 can be used as a reference guide to do the testing.

                                                       Figure 3

Auxiliary Contact in Relay or CBE 

Group Signalling Connection

by : Rifky Cahyadi

To understand Aux Group Signalling Principal, first we have to understand the single Aux Signalling

          

Fig 1 single signalling                        Fig 2. Group Signalling

Take a look at fig 1 above

 - N/O will close when main contact is close and will open when main contact is open

 - So when making group signalling, as figure 2 below, all the connection of the CBE on the N/O path should follow the rule, means all the path in the N/O need to be close when main contact is close and open when main contact is open

In this case we have to series the connection of the  C and N/O contacts of each breaker and name the signal as N/O in the group signalling. See example in figure 3a and 3b below

Figure 3. Group Signalling, example

DC circuit breakers and AC breaker difference

by : Rifky Cahyadi

DC circuit breakers and AC breaker main difference is the ability to arc.

Because the exchange of each cycle, have had zero, zero easy to extinction in the past, but has not been zero DC switching, arc extinguishing ability is poor, so to add additional interrupter device. DC arc is generally difficult, but the exchange has zero, breaking easily.

Exchange can be derived for the DC circuit breaker protection, but must pay attention to three changes:

1, overload and short circuit protection.

① long delay overload protection. By thermal-action (double metal components) for long delay overload protection, the source of its action as I2R, AC RMS and DC current equal to the average, there is no need to use any restructuring. However, the large current size, to the current transformer secondary current heat who can not be used due to transformer can not be used on DC circuits.

Release long delay if the overload is the use of electromagnetic type (hydraulic type, that is, oil cup), then the delayed release characteristics to change, the minimum operating current to 110% -140% bigger, so the whole electromagnetic communication Release not be used for DC circuits (such as the use will have to re-design).

At MCB, The power supply simply cannot provide  this trip current and shutdown the output voltage, unless you provide a huge capacity of your power supply which is costly and not efficient.

② short circuit protection.

Thermal - Magnetic AC circuit breaker short-circuit protection is the use of magnetic system, which is used by the filtering of the rectifier circuit (DC), need to exchange the original setting current value multiplied by a factor of 1.3. Electromagnetic type of short circuit protection and thermal dynamic electromagnetic same.

unlike the exchanges as DC current zero-crossing characteristics, dc short circuit current (or even multiple small fault current) is breaking; arc out all the difficulties, so wiring should be two extreme ways or three poles in series increase the fracture, so that the fracture energy to bear part of the arc.

Where it is used 

Harmonik Dalam System Kelistrikan

HARMONIK

Pengertian Harmonik

Secara umum listrik ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan dengan menggunakan tegangan tiga fasa sinusoidal. Hal yang harus diperhatikan dari tegangan tiga fasa sinusoidal ini adalah bentuk tegangan yang ditransmisikan dan didistribusikan, idealnya berupa gelombang sinusoidal murni (Gambar 2.1).

Gambar 2.1. Bentuk gelombang dasar

Namun baik pada sistem transmisi maupun distribusi tenaga listrik, bentuk dari gelombang sinus tegangan atau arus berbeda karena mengalami gangguan, sehingga tidak seperti gelombang sinus murni. Terjadinya gelombang tersebut dibentuk oleh sejumlah gelombang sinus dimana gelombang satu dan lainnya mempunyai frekuensi yang berbeda, yang didalamnya termasuk frekuensi dasar yang dihasilkan oleh pembangkit tenaga listrik. Bila gelombang tersebut terdistorsi, maka akan terjadi suatu fenomena yang disebut dengan distorsi harmonik, dimana gelombang yang ditransmisikan atau didistribusikan terdiri atas superposisi gelombang frekuensi dasar dengan gelombang frekuensi harmonik sehingga gelombang tersebut tidak lagi berbentuk sinusoidal, seperti dapat dilihat pada gambar 2.2.

Gambar 2.2. Bentuk gelombang harmonik

Harmonik adalah komponen frekuensi gelombang sinusoidal dari gelombang yang ditransmisikan melalui sistem tenaga listrik yang mempunyai frekuensi kelipatan dari frekuensi dasar yang dibangkitkan oleh pembangkit tenaga listrik. Persamaan untuk frekuensi harmonik adalah : 

h  =  n ´  F Hz              ...................................................................................(2-1)

                dimana : h   :   frekuensi harmonik orde ke-n                                               

                F   :   frekuensi fundamental system ( 50 Hz atau 60 Hz )

                n   :   orde dari harmonik.

Besar amplitudo harmonik biasanya hanya beberapa persen dari amplitudo gelombang dasar.

How to Connect LED in Minus Voltage

Simplified LED Connection in Telecommunication Environment as Signaling Indicator for Power Distribution Unit

with -48VDC 

by : Rifky Cahyadi & Yogi Cahyadi 

1.  Abstract

This invention describes the novelty of connecting a built in LED inside the Circuit Breaker for Equipment (CBE) system in the Telecommunication Field, operating in -48VDC Power Supply. Furthermore, the solution could be also used to connect an external LED signaling to the built in auxiliary contact of a CBE.

The purpose of this invention uses the existing infrastructure available in the Telecommunication Power Distribution system to first indicate the presence of Failure, following by a trip of related Circuit Breaker instantly to provide the visual indication in the Power Distribution Unit, via LED light. This invention includes the method of connecting the LED and the CBE with built in LED, and an external alarming LED through the built in auxiliary contact of a CBE in a -48VDC environment.

1. E-T-A CBE type 3120-F series      b. internal wiring

Figure 1 Circuit Breaker for Equipment (CBE) with built in LED

2.  Abreviations and Acronyms

LED	Light Emitting Diode
CBE	Circuit Breaker for Equipment
DC	Direct Current

 

3.  Existing Implementation

There are many ways in existing implementations of performing an indication / alarming when failure happens in the system. One of the ways by visual indication using DC light bulb that is applicable for DC Power Supply, specifically -48VDC in Telecommunication environment. Plenty of DC light bulbs can be used; the widely known of DC bulb has a bulky size. Thus, it may need quite a space on the Power Distribution Rack itself.  

In case of CBE with built in LED, that is widely used recently, this can be a problem. Applying a minus voltage (-48VDC) in these type of CBEs is almost not efficient. Without additional relay to shift the polarity of the Power Supply, the LED may break. Adding relays and the supporting components into the system would means an additional cost, however with this invention, connecting CBEs with built in LED for visual indication in such environment has no longer limitation.

 

4.  Invention

The invention method describes in this report is meant to provide a solution by making a room for CBE with internal LED to be used in Telecommunication environment with -48VDC, and giving a chance to the LED, the less expensive and compact size of visual indication, to play its role as an indicator / alarming system in the Telecommunication Power Distribution System.

The circuit to connect the LED into a -48VDC power supply is simplified with only using a resistors instead of using a complex voltage shifter relay. The philosophy behind the concept lays on the characteristic operational of the diode, hence the LED itself.

The cathode, abbreviated “K”, sometimes “C” is located at the line perpendicular to the point of the arrowhead. The Anode is on the opposite end and is abbreviated “A”.

Figure 2 Light Emitting Diode symbol

The diode passes current when it is forward biased, which means that the potential at the cathode is more negative than it is at the anode.

Based on this philosophy, we use resistors as a divider of the negative power supply and connect the most negative side of the power supply to cathode of the LED.

Figure 3. LED connection on -48VDC Supply with resistor divider

Figure 4. CBE with internal LED connection on -48VDC Supply

As a summary with this solution we could optimize:

a.  Space when space is premium in the system

b.  Cost efficient with only resistor divider circuit

c.  Make use of the internal LED in the CBE in the Telecommunication voltage environment

5.  Focus of invention

The focus of this invention builds on the following existing concepts.

1)      Power Distribution Unit for Telecommunication application whom require a CBE with built in LED as an indicator

2)      Power Distribution Unit for Telecommunication application whom require an LED as the signaling indicator

The major inventive steps in this claim include as such,

a)  A simple resistor divider circuit to connect LED in the CBE, for CBE with built in LED, into minus power supply source, specifically -48VDC in a Telecommunication environment

b)  Furthermore to connect an external LED as a signaling indicator, into minus power supply source, specifically -48VDC in a Telecommunication environment

  

6.  Example of invention

The example is a Power Distribution Unit System panel for the Telecommunication field, with operating voltage of -48VDC. The panel is to control and protect loads of telecommunication equipment, consist of 2 x 5 circuit breakers as a main breaker and 2 x 1 Circuit breaker as a supporting breaker with built in LED to control and protect the Fans.

The product is called as a Power Distribution Unit (PDU), with general specification as below (See Figure 5):

·         Compact 19 inch Power Distribution Unit, Powder Coated Metal, 2U

·         Design with 2 power source (A and B): with 2 x 5 hot swap Main circuit breaker, type : 8335 and 2 x 1 non-hot swap circuit breaker with illumination, type : 3120

·         Pre-Installed circuit breaker; Nominal current : 10 x 50A, 2 x 3A

·         Off/On Indicator for the Fan switching control and Protection

·         Group Signaling with 2 x 1 LED for Main Circuit Breaker alarming

                                      

Figure 5. PDU Illustration

The PDU signaling alarm is mainly for the Main Circuit Breaker with Collected Tripped Breaker signal (Group Signaling) for each Power Source (A and B).

As for the supporting Circuit Breaker, with the usage of illuminated Type of breaker, CBE with built in LED, it acts as an indication during operating, when there is no faulty occurs.